APLN
entrez
8862
canonical
uniprot
Q9ULZ1
canonical
ensembl
ENSG00000171388
resolver
ensp
ENSP00000391800
resolver
enst
ENST00000429967
resolver
genesymbol
APLN
resolver
genesymbol_syn
APEL
resolver
hgnc
HGNC:16665
resolver
uniprot
Q4VY08
resolver
uniprot
Q8WU89
resolver
uniprot_entry
APEL_HUMAN
resolver
uniprot_sec
Q4VY08
resolver
uniprot_sec
Q8WU89
resolver
amino_acid_sequence
MNLRLCVQALLLLWLSLTAVCGGSLMPLPDGNGLEDGNVRHLVQPRGSRNGPGPWQGGRRKFRRQRPRLSHKGPMPF
uniprot
proteins
function
FUNCTION: Peptide hormone that functions as endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled apelin receptor (APLNR/APJ), that plays a role in cadiovascular homeostasis (PubMed:10525157, PubMed:22810587, PubMed:35817871, PubMed:38428423). Functions as a balanced agonist activating both G(i) protein pathway and beta-arrestin pathway of APLNR (PubMed:22810587, PubMed:38428423). Downstream G proteins activation, apelin can inhibit cAMP production and activate key intracellular effectors such as ERKs (PubMed:22810587, PubMed:35817871, PubMed:38428423). On the other hand, APLNR activation induces beta-arrestin recruitment to the membrane leading to desensitization and internalization of the receptor (PubMed:22810587, PubMed:38428423). Apelin blunts cardiac hypertrophic induction from APLNR on response to pathological stimuli, but also induces myocardial hypertrophy under normal conditions (PubMed:22810587, PubMed:38428423). Apelin-36 dissociates more hardly than (pyroglu)apelin-13 from APLNR (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of cardiac precursor cell movements during gastrulation and heart morphogenesis (By similarity). Has an inhibitory effect on cytokine production in response to T-cell receptor/CD3 cross-linking; the oral intake of apelin in the colostrum and the milk might therefore modulate immune responses in neonates (By similarity). Plays a role in early coronary blood vessels formation (By similarity). Mediates myocardial contractility in an ERK1/2-dependent manner (By similarity). May also have a role in the central control of body fluid homeostasis by influencing vasopressin release and drinking behavior (By similarity). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q4TTN8, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9R0R3, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9R0R4, ECO:0000269|PubMed:10525157, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22810587, ECO:0000269|PubMed:35817871, ECO:0000269|PubMed:38428423}.; FUNCTION: (Microbial infection) Endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (APLNR), an alternative coreceptor with CD4 for HIV-1 infection (PubMed:11090199). Inhibits HIV-1 entry in cells coexpressing CD4 and APLNR (PubMed:11090199). Apelin-36 has a greater inhibitory activity on HIV infection than other synthetic apelin derivatives (PubMed:11090199). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11090199}.
uniprot
proteins
mass_dalton
8569
uniprot
proteins
post_translational_modification
PTM: Several active peptides may be produced by proteolytic processing of the peptide precursor. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9TUI9}.
uniprot
proteins
protein_family
Apelin family
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
10525157
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
10617103
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
11090199
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
15489334
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
15772651
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
22810587
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
35817871
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
38428423
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
9792798
uniprot
proteins
sequence_length
77
uniprot
proteins
subcellular_location
SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9TUI9}. Secreted, extracellular space {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22810587, ECO:0000269|PubMed:38428423}. Note=Abundantly secreted in the colostrum. Lower level in milk. Decreases rapidly within several days after parturition in milk, but is still detectable even in commercial milk. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9TUI9}.
uniprot
proteins