GCG
entrez
2641
canonical
uniprot
P01275
canonical
ensembl
ENSG00000115263
resolver
ensp
ENSP00000364647
resolver
ensp
ENSP00000387662
resolver
enst
ENST00000375497
resolver
enst
ENST00000418842
resolver
genesymbol
GCG
resolver
hgnc
HGNC:4191
resolver
uniprot
A6NN65
resolver
uniprot
Q53TP6
resolver
uniprot_entry
GLUC_HUMAN
resolver
uniprot_sec
A6NN65
resolver
uniprot_sec
Q53TP6
resolver
amino_acid_sequence
MKSIYFVAGLFVMLVQGSWQRSLQDTEEKSRSFSASQADPLSDPDQMNEDKRHSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNTKRNRNNIAKRHDEFERHAEGTFTSDVSSYLEGQAAKEFIAWLVKGRGRRDFPEEVAIVEELGRRHADGSFSDEMNTILDNLAARDFINWLIQTKITDRK
uniprot
proteins
function
FUNCTION: [Glucagon]: Plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes. Binds to and activates the glucagon receptor GCGR, which couples to the G(s) G protein and elevates intracellular cAMP, triggering downstream metabolic responses (PubMed:32193322). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:32193322, ECO:0000303|PubMed:10605628, ECO:0000303|PubMed:12626323}.; FUNCTION: [Glucagon-like peptide 1]: Potent stimulator of glucose-dependent insulin release (PubMed:22037645, PubMed:40446798). Also stimulates insulin release in response to IL6 (PubMed:22037645). Plays important roles on gastric motility and the suppression of plasma glucagon levels (PubMed:10605628, PubMed:14719035, PubMed:12554744). May be involved in the suppression of satiety and stimulation of glucose disposal in peripheral tissues, independent of the actions of insulin (PubMed:10605628, PubMed:14719035, PubMed:12554744). Has growth-promoting activities on intestinal epithelium (PubMed:10605628, PubMed:14719035, PubMed:12554744). May also regulate the hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) via effects on LH, TSH, CRH, oxytocin, and vasopressin secretion (PubMed:10605628, PubMed:14719035, PubMed:12554744). Increases islet mass through stimulation of islet neogenesis and pancreatic beta cell proliferation (PubMed:10605628, PubMed:14719035, PubMed:12554744). Inhibits beta cell apoptosis (PubMed:10605628, PubMed:14719035, PubMed:12554744). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22037645, ECO:0000269|PubMed:40446798, ECO:0000303|PubMed:10605628, ECO:0000303|PubMed:12554744, ECO:0000303|PubMed:14719035}.; FUNCTION: [Glucagon-like peptide 2]: Stimulates intestinal growth and up-regulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. The gastrointestinal tract, from the stomach to the colon is the principal target for GLP-2 action. Plays a key role in nutrient homeostasis, enhancing nutrient assimilation through enhanced gastrointestinal function, as well as increasing nutrient disposal. Stimulates intestinal glucose transport and decreases mucosal permeability. {ECO:0000303|PubMed:10322410, ECO:0000303|PubMed:10605628, ECO:0000303|PubMed:12554744, ECO:0000303|PubMed:14719035}.; FUNCTION: [Oxyntomodulin]: Significantly reduces food intake. Inhibits gastric emptying in humans. Suppression of gastric emptying may lead to increased gastric distension, which may contribute to satiety by causing a sensation of fullness. {ECO:0000303|PubMed:10605628, ECO:0000303|PubMed:12554744}.; FUNCTION: [Glicentin]: May modulate gastric acid secretion and the gastro-pyloro-duodenal activity. May play an important role in intestinal mucosal growth in the early period of life. {ECO:0000303|PubMed:10605628, ECO:0000303|PubMed:12554744}.
uniprot
proteins
mass_dalton
20909
uniprot
proteins
post_translational_modification
PTM: Proglucagon is post-translationally processed in a tissue-specific manner in pancreatic A cells and intestinal L cells. In pancreatic A cells, the major bioactive hormone is glucagon cleaved by PCSK2/PC2. In the intestinal L cells PCSK1/PC1 liberates GLP-1, GLP-2, glicentin and oxyntomodulin. GLP-1 is further N-terminally truncated by post-translational processing in the intestinal L cells resulting in GLP-1(7-37) GLP-1-(7-36)amide. The C-terminal amidation is neither important for the metabolism of GLP-1 nor for its effects on the endocrine pancreas. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:12651102, ECO:0000269|PubMed:2753890, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9287128}.
uniprot
proteins
protein_family
Glucagon family
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
10322410
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
10605628
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
11943215
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
11946536
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
12554744
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
12626323
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
12627948
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
12651102
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
14557443
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
14632334
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
14719035
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
15489334
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
15815621
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
22037645
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
2753890
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
2901414
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
32193322
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
3725587
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
40446798
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
6877358
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
8482423
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
9287128
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
9667960
uniprot
proteins
sequence_length
180
uniprot
proteins
subcellular_location
SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted {ECO:0000305}.; SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Glucagon-like peptide 1]: Secreted {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22037645, ECO:0000269|PubMed:40446798}.
uniprot
proteins