P01861
uniprot
P01861
canonical
amino_acid_sequence
ASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVDKRVESKYGPPCPSCPAPEFLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLELQLEESCAEAQDGELDGLWTTITIFITLFLLSVCYSATVTFFKVKWIFSSVVDLKQTIVPDYRNMIRQGA
uniprot
proteins
function
FUNCTION: Constant region of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains. Igs are membrane-bound or secreted glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes. In the recognition phase of humoral immunity, the membrane-bound Igs serve as receptors, which upon binding to a specific antigen trigger the clonal expansion and differentiation of B lymphocytes into Ig-secreting plasma cells. Secreted Igs known as antibodies mediate the effector phase of humoral immunity by blocking the interaction of infectious antigens with cellular receptors (via the antigen-binding region) and eliciting effector mechanisms that lead to pathogen neutralization (via the constant region) (PubMed:17576170, PubMed:20176268, PubMed:22158414). The antigen-binding region is formed by the variable domain of one heavy chain paired with the variable domain of its associated light chain. Each Ig molecule has two antigen-binding sites with remarkable affinity for a particular antigen due to V-(D)-J rearrangement, somatic hypermutations and affinity maturation of the variable domains upon antigen exposure (PubMed:17576170, PubMed:20176268, PubMed:22158414). The constant region defines the Ig isotype that perform distinct sets of effector functions. B cells diversify and rearrange their Ig constant regions through class-switch recombination, a process by which the constant region is switched from one Ig isotype to another, namely from IgM and IgD to IgG, IgA and IgE (PubMed:17576170, PubMed:20176268, PubMed:22158414). The constant region interacts (via the fragment crystallizable, Fc) with the Fc receptors on innate immune cells to mediate humoral effector functions. Ig gamma-4 (IgG4) isotype does not elicit antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADDC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Instead it is likely involved in immune tolerance mechanisms to allergens and parasites either by blocking IgE-antigen complex formation or by directly inhibiting mast cell degranulation through Fc receptor signaling. In the context of tumorigenesis, it may participate in immunosuppressive mechanisms. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16219319, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28566370, ECO:0000269|PubMed:33563762, ECO:0000303|PubMed:17576170, ECO:0000303|PubMed:20176268, ECO:0000303|PubMed:22158414, ECO:0000303|PubMed:37095254}.
uniprot
proteins
mass_dalton
43832
uniprot
proteins
mutagenesis
MUTAGEN 225; /note="E->R: Spontaneously forms hexameric Ig structures in solution in the absence of antigen; when associated with R-310 and Y-320."; /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:33563762"; MUTAGEN 310; /note="E->R: Spontaneously forms hexameric Ig structures in solution in the absence of antigen; when associated with R-225 and Y-320."; /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:33563762"; MUTAGEN 320; /note="S->Y: Spontaneously forms hexameric Ig structures in solution in the absence of antigen; when associated with R-225 and R-310."; /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:33563762
uniprot
proteins
post_translational_modification
PTM: N-glycosylated. Carries predominantly biantennary complex-type glycans attached at Asn-177 residue on the Fc region of each heavy chain. Unique Fc glycan profiles found in secreted IgGs are induced in an antigen-specific way, likely programmed during B cell priming to mount an appropriate Ig effector response (PubMed:22184099, PubMed:28566370, PubMed:29133956). The core glycan is composed of two sequential N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) moieties followed by a central mannose (Man) from which two additional Man residues branch out (alpha1,3 and alpha1,6 antennae) each capped with a GlcNAc. Additional sugar molecules can be added to generate over 30 possible glycans. Such sugar modifications include the addition of one fucose at the initial GlcNAc, galactose (Gal) and sialic acid (Neu5Ac) residues at antennary GlcNAc or a bisecting GlcNAc to the core Man (PubMed:22184099, PubMed:28566370, PubMed:29133956). Variable addition of sugars account for different IgG functional states associated with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or phagocytosis and inflammatory responses such as complement activation and cytokine secretion. Fc N-glycan diversity is further enhanced by asymmetric glycan pairing on the heavy chains (PubMed:22184099, PubMed:28566370, PubMed:29133956). Fc N-glycan sialylation is linked to anti-inflammatory effects. It regulates Fc effector functions through conformational changes leading to preferential interaction with type II Fc receptors while reducing binding to type I Fc receptors. During plasmablast response, sialylated Fc domains within immune complexes signal via FCER2/CD23 and drive the selection of B cells with high affinity for antigen (PubMed:22184099). Whereas afucosylated Fc N-glycan preferentially activate FCGR3A, antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antitumor immunity (PubMed:28566370). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22184099, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28566370, ECO:0000269|PubMed:29133956}.; PTM: (Microbial infection) Deglycosylation on Asn-177 by S.pyogenes EndoS or Endos2 endoglucosidases prevents interaction between immunoglobulin-gamma (IgG) and Fc receptors, impairing ability to activate the complement pathway. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11406581, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20357243, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23865566}.
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
11340299
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
11406581
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
12508121
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
15572068
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
16219319
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
17576170
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
19139490
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
19159218
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
20176268
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
20357243
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
22158414
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
22184099
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
23865566
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
24275569
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
25733881
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
28566370
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
29133956
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
33563762
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
37095254
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
37421619
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
39983994
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
4192699
uniprot
proteins
pubmed
6299662
uniprot
proteins
sequence_length
396
uniprot
proteins
subcellular_location
SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Isoform 1]: Secreted {ECO:0000303|PubMed:20176268, ECO:0000303|PubMed:22158414}.; SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Isoform 2]: Cell membrane {ECO:0000303|PubMed:20176268, ECO:0000303|PubMed:22158414}; Single-pass membrane protein {ECO:0000255}.
uniprot
proteins
transmembrane_region
TRANSMEM 348..368; /note="Helical"; /evidence="ECO:0000255
uniprot
proteins